I am fairly familiar with Linux, I’ve been using different distros for some years now and have done some config editing here and there. I am also a web developer and use the terminal quite a lot and so I always stumble on people’s recommendation to use tmux and how good it is, but I never really understood what it does and, in layman’s terms, how can it be useful and for what use cases.
Can you guys please enlight me a bit on this?
Thank you.
Edit: if my phrasing is a bit awkward or confusing I apologize since I am not an English native speaker. (Maybe that’s why I never fully grasped what tmux is from other explanations xD)
Edite: Ok, just to clarify, my original struggle was to understand what made tmux different from using some terminal app and just split the screen xD
I guess the best analogy is a “virtual desktop” but for the terminal.
It’s is a program which runs in a terminal and allows multiple other terminal programs to be run inside it.Each program inside tmux gets its own “page” or “screen” and you can jump between them (next-screen, previous-screen etc).
So instead of having multiple terminal windows, you only have one and switch the screen/page inside it.You can detech from the program and leave it running - so next time you log on to the server, you can re-attach to it and all your screens/sessions are still there.
Not super useful on your local machine - but when you have to connect to a remote server (or several) is really shines. Especially if you have to go through a jumphost. You can just connect to your jumphost, start tmux, then create a “screen” for each server you need to connect to - do your stuff and deattach. Next time, just re-attach and all your stuff is there.
Did that help?
Adding to this comment that tmux allows team members spread through the world to work on the same terminal together on different SSH sessions.
Both admins connect, then one spins up the tmux and the other can attach to it and both collaborate and see all inputs/outputs.
Removed by mod
Ugh I remembering learning upstart and getting decent with it and then everyone went “nope, systemd”
Let’s just improve what we have and not change the whole goddamn thing again. That’s more annoying.
Also, some of the people on hackernews are so cringy. Like, dude we get it there is a bad default. Make your case and stop being a total jerkoff, because no one is going to listen to that guy and I bet that’s like 20% of the reason the other übernerds are digging their heels in about changing it.
Also fuck systemd 😅
I actually get a lot of use out of it locally. I usually have multiple sessions for different concerns and prefix + s lets me switch between them quickly using vi keybindings. I can even do prefix + w to switch to a specific window in a different session.
I don’t use vscode much lately, but when I did it was also useful sometimes to have the same window in my terminal client on one desktop and in vscode’s terminal on another when switching back and forth a lot to see a browser or database client or whatever. Just having the freedom to move the session around to different applications is nice.
Ok, now I guess I am seeing the value of it, specially with the “virtual desktop” analogy and the remote scenario, since I need to do some of it at work and having everything as I left it last time will be nice. Thank you!
plus, if you disconnect in the middle of a command execution it doesn’t get killed (very important for system updates for example)
…. or if you get disconnected by, say, dodgy internet connection or such.
I use the “being able to detach and re-attach” capability to run my Minecraft server on my in-home server box.
To understand why you might want to use tmux try the following:
- Open your terminal
- Start editing a file with vim or nano but don’t save the file
- Close then re-open your terminal
You will have lost your progress, next we can repeat but this time using tmux so you don’t lose your session:
- Open your terminal
- Start a tmux session using
tmux - Start editing a file again using vim or nano
- Close and re-open the terminal
- Type
tmux ato re-attach to the existing session
Note that this time none of your progress is lost.
Aside from enabling you to have a persistent session, tmux also allows you to have multiple terminal panes open so you can do more than one thing at a time in the window, to see what I mean try this:
- Open your terminal
- Start a new tmux session using
tmux - Type
topto begin listing processes - Press
ctrl bthento make a new split pane - Enter
lsor other terminal commands
You will see that you can use more than one panel to do things. This can be useful for example if you want to watch run tests and also run other commands.
All of this is way more useful when all you have to work with is a tty or an ssh session. No X? No problem.
People have already made lots of good replies but here’s my summary:
tmux is a terminal multiplexer. It allows multitasking in command line only environments. For example if you have to do a sudo apt upgrade but don’t want to leave your ssh client logged in until it finishes, you can run it in a tmux session so it will happen in the background even if you’re not logged in.
To start a new session, type “tmux”
To view running sessions, type “tmux list-sessions”
To switch to a running session, type “tmux attach-session -c N” where N is the number of the session.
To exit a tmux terminal and go back to the main terminal, do ctrl+b and then press d.
It’s a “terminal inside your terminal” that you can cut into tiny little pieces where programs are run in said little pieces.
What if we put a terminal in your terminal, so you could terminal while you terminal?
sup dawg, heard you like sessions
It’s an older meme, sir, but it checks out…
Ok, just to clarify, my original struggle was to understand what made tmux different from using some terminal app and just split the screen xD
Not every terminal emulator has window splitting capabilities. Some, like Alacritty, specifically expect you to run a program like tmux if you want this functionality. Splitting within tmux also makes it vastly easier to multitask on a remote host via SSH: if you run a remote tmux, every split window is already running on the same remote host, no need to log in again and again.
I didn’t see this mentioned, but by far the thing I depend on tmux for the most is being able to quickly copy and paste text from the terminal. e.g. grabbing a file name from the output of
git diff. How does everyone else do this?Another cool one is being able to attach to a session on my phone to check on something, and have it automatically resize without disconnecting my desktop.
I copy by pressing ctrl+shift+C. Some terminal emulators copy on select. A terminal multiplexer isn’t needed to copy.
I suspect what they meant was copy and paste from the console and not a terminal.
I don’t know how else somebody could do copy and paste at the console. And I don’t necessarily know that tmux can do this (I still haven’t graduated from ‘screen’), but this interpretation makes the most sense.
If it can do this, presumably with just the keyboard, that’s a pretty decent feature.
Yeah, doing it with the keyboard is key. I know some terminals have a way to do it, but it’s so ingrained in my muscle memory that I struggle without it, and having something that works everywhere (including try) is nice.
I’m not familiar with the terminology. What’s the distinction between a terminal and a console?
Tmux does let you copy from a shell to your system clipboard using the keyboard, which is nice. But many terminal emulators like mobaxterm on windows let you copy as well.
The console is the virtual terminal (VT) seen initially at boot before the desktop login starts up, or where you land if there is no desktop, and where the kernel spits its raw output. It could even be configured to be a physical serial port.
I’m using the term in a similar manner to describe the virtual terminals spawned at boot (typically 7 of them) and occupied either by a login prompt (getty) or the desktop session, and switchable with Alt-Left/Right or using the
chvtcommand. These are analogous to the real terminals of old such as VT100 or even typewriters.This is in contrast to what we normally call a terminal like xterm or Konsole which runs in the GUI where it is resizable, zoomable, etc. The console, and virtual terminals, are pretty limited in the interactivity they have. For instance, there’s no mouse interaction or copy-paste functionality, at least not without some exotic setup.
It’s a “terminal multiplexer”, i.e. you can start multiple terminals in a single terminal.
You might ask, why not open a new terminal window or tab? Well, you can only do that in a desktop environment and that’s not always available. Even if you can, you might want the terminals to be side by side in a single screen, which might not be easy to do with window tiling.
The real power of tmux, though, is that it manages the session you created. To quote from the manual:
tmuxmay be detached from a screen and continue running in the background, then later reattached.So, one use case would be saving your current terminal setup. Instead of exiting the terminal and navigating to the project and setting up the environment again next time, you can simply detach and re-attach.
When connecting to a remote server, this is especially useful:
Each session is persistent and will survive accidental disconnection (such as ssh(1) connection timeout) or intentional detaching
Suppose you want to execute a long running command on a remote server. If you just put it to foreground, when you exit the ssh session, the job is also killed. If you put it to the background, its output can’t be easily observed.
With
tmux, you can simply run it in the foreground like normal and detach. When you reattach later, the job is running and you get all the output easily, as if you have been in that session all along.
